Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. Disorganized Thinking. (a) This is a statue of a meditating Buddha, representing one of the many religious traditions of which meditation plays a part. The sleep and dreaming researcher Rosalind Cartwright, however, believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer. Amphetamines have a mechanism of action quite similar to cocaine in that they block the reuptake of dopamine in addition to stimulating its release (Figure 4.16). Opium, Heroin, Fentanyl, Morphine, Oxycodone, Vicoden, methadone, and other prescription pain relievers, Decreased pain, pupil dilation, decreased gut motility, decreased respiratory function. A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet How the brain's internal states affect decision-making However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. Despite the prevalence of caffeine use and the large number of people who confess to suffering from caffeine addiction, this was the first published description of soda dependence appearing in scientific literature. For example, Hobson (2009) suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). Repeated use of these stimulants can have significant adverse consequences. Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. Cognitive-behavioral therapyis a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. You have read that sleep is distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. There are a variety of drugs that treat restless leg syndrome: benzodiazepines, opiates, and anticonvulsants (Restless Legs Syndrome Foundation, n.d.). Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. Although individuals suffering from night terrors appear to be awake, they generally have no memories of the events that occurred, and attempts to console them are ineffective. For example, a person may work from 7:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. on Monday, 3:00 a.m. to 11:00 a.m. on Tuesday, and 11:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on Wednesday. (b) Heroin is cooked on a spoon over a candle. As you have learned, drugs can act as agonists or antagonists of a given neurotransmitter system. (a) A typical CPAP device used in the treatment of sleep apnea is (b) affixed to the head with straps, and a mask that covers the nose and mouth. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. This theory is supported by Ernest Hilgards research into hypnosis and pain. In addition, the appearance of K-complexes is often associated with stage 2 sleep. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. Some research suggests that species that face higher predatory risks sleep fewer hours than other species (Capellini et al., 2008), while other researchers suggest there is no relationship between the amount of time a given species spends in deep sleep and its predation risk (Lesku, Roth, Amlaner, & Lima, 2006). The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. d. respond to illnesses much like the older adults do. Module 8: Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders This shift in policy may be in response to the scientific communitys recommendations and/or reflect changing public opinion regarding marijuana. Obstructive sleep apneaoccurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs. Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). However, the success rate of such treatments is questionable. Marijuana may also have some promise in the treatment of a variety of medical conditions (Mather, Rauwendaal, Moxham-Hall, & Wodak, 2013; Robson, 2014; Schicho & Storr, 2014). Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. The pons is important for regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. This causes blood vessels to dilate, and the skin may feel warm and flushed. Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. Understanding the impact of sleep on cognitive function should help you understand that cramming all night for a test may be not effective and can even prove counterproductive. The participant is told to be open to the process of hypnosis, trust the hypnotist and let go. AK-complexis a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli. Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). One complete menstrual cycle takes about 28 daysa lunar monthbut many biological cycles are much shorter. Inflammation has many causes, including infections, injuries, and diseases. Loss of appetite. While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. 23. We experience different states of consciousness and different levels of awareness on a regular basis. While people are often unaware of their sleep apnea, they are keenly aware of some of the adverse consequences of insufficient sleep. Drugs in this category include cocaine, amphetamines (including methamphetamine), cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, and caffeine. Alertness is associated with higher body temperatures, and sleepiness with lower body temperatures. Chapter 5: Indoor Air Pollutants and Toxic Materials While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. Low doses increase relaxation, decrease inhibitions. Not able to pass stool or gas. Is it absolutely essential that we sleep? These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. In general, smoking cessation programs may be effective in the short term, but it is unclear whether these effects persist (Cropley, Theadom, Pravettoni, & Webb, 2008; Levitt, Shaw, Wong, & Kaczorowski, 2007; Smedslund, Fisher, Boles, & Lichtenstein, 2004). These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. d. both b and c. 2. Upon a search of the premises, police found blood-stained clothes and a bloody knife in the trunk of Falaters car, and he had blood stains on his neck. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). People sleep better in cooler temperatures. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. 3. As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. Many of these drugs, and their relationships, are shown inTable 4.2. These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. Those who continue to have insomnia, particularly if it affects their quality of life, should seek professional treatment. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. Awareness of external stimuli includes experiences such as seeing the light from the sun, feeling the warmth of a room, and hearing the voice of a friend. While we certainly welcome the convenience of having the darkness lit up, we also suffer the consequences of reduced amounts of sleep because we are more active during the nighttime hours than our ancestors were. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). PSY-352 Health Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. Weakness and fatigue. c. deaths due to accidents have increased. In the variation of mindful meditation, the meditators attention is focused on some internal process or an external object (Zeidan, Grant, Brown, McHaffie, & Coghill, 2012). The prevalence rates for somatic disorders are often difficult to determine; however, overall estimates of somatic symptom disorder are around 4-6%. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. . Adenosine is a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep. Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. Sleep deprivation, in general, is associated with a number of negative consequences (Brown, 2012). Stage 1 sleepis a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep. Many people experience disturbances in their sleep at some point in their lives. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. These components include: These steps are conducive to being open to the heightened suggestibility of hypnosis. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). Words To Describe Symptoms | Adjectives For Symptoms - SearchSentences This pattern of brain wave activity resembles that of someone who is very relaxed, yet awake. Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. (a) A period of rapid eye movement is marked by the short red line segment. THE INTERNAL STATE SCALE (ISS) Version 2 and the ChronoBook SCORING KEY AND SUMMARY Mark S. Bauer, MD . For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. Positive Symptoms in Schizophrenia - Verywell Mind When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. Peritonitis - Symptoms and causes - Mayo Clinic While opioid withdrawal can be extremely unpleasant, it is not life-threatening (Julien, 2005). In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. Meditationis the act of focusing on a single target (such as the breath or a repeated sound) to increase awareness of the moment. Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. C) the severity and duration of the problem. 2. This pattern of temperature fluctuation, which repeats every day, is one example of a circadian rhythm. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. These brain areas include the prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia. It is typically consumed in pill form. Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury. Manifest contentis the actual content, or storyline, of a dream. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. The internal state of an object is the set of all its attributes' values. High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. Reduced urine. The 20th century Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. Thirst. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). This is of such concern that people who are trying to overcome addiction to these substances should only do so under medical supervision. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. Sleep is characterized by certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using electroencephalography (EEG), and different phases of sleep can be differentiated using EEG as well. PDF Internal States Scale and Reference - University of Washington Causes. How does hypnosis work? This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. Until recently, the United States Department of Justice routinely arrested people involved and seized marijuana used in medicinal settings. We also alter our consciousness through the use of various psychoactive drugs. In 2013, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommended tighter controls on their medical use. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone.
Bulmaro Garcia Death Tiffany, How To Get Coprite Alloy In Warframe, Touching Feet Of Elders In Islam, What Was The Punishment For Alchemy In The Elizabethan Era, Commercialisation In Sport Gcse Pe, Articles T