italian unification ap european history crash course albert web mar 1 2022 the italian unification refers to the events that took place between 1848 and 1870 on the PDF AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2008 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) After a number of battles, notably Spicheren, Wrth, Mars la Tour, and Gravelotte, the Prussians defeated the main French armies and advanced on the primary city of Metz and the French capital of Paris. Unlike liberalism or conservatism, Realpolitik essentially rejected ideology in favor of the most efficacious political or diplomatic response, be it liberal or conservative. [81] In the day-long Battle of Kniggrtz, near the village of Sadov, Friedrich Carl and his troops arrived late, and in the wrong place. Through military victory, Prussia under Bismarck's influence had overcome Austria's active resistance to the idea of a unified Germany. The Late 19th Century - AP European History - TomRichey.net It also required a rethinking of political, social, and cultural behaviors and the construction of new metaphors about "us" and "them". [91] Over the next few weeks, the Spanish offer turned into the talk of Europe. . 22 times. AP European History Past Exam Questions - College Board Officially, the chancellor functioned as a one-man cabinet and was responsible for the conduct of all state affairs; in practice, the State Secretaries (bureaucratic top officials in charge of such fields as finance, war, foreign affairs, etc.) [118], By the years of unification, German Jews played an important role in the intellectual underpinnings of the German professional, intellectual, and social life. The German unification was also brought together by the Franco-Prussian war. With the proclamation of Wilhelm as Kaiser, Prussia assumed the leadership of the new empire. [115], For some Germans, the definition of nation did not include pluralism, and Catholics in particular came under scrutiny; some Germans, and especially Bismarck, feared that the Catholics' connection to the papacy might make them less loyal to the nation. With its wording shortened and sharpened by Bismarckand further alterations made in the course of its translation by the French agency Havasthe Ems Dispatch raised an angry furor in France. Von Roon and William (who took an active interest in military structures) began reorganizing the Prussian army, while Moltke redesigned the strategic defense of Prussia by streamlining operational command. For a representative analysis of this perspective, see. While the liberals failed to achieve the unification they sought, they did manage to gain a partial victory by working with the German princes on many constitutional issues and collaborating with them on reforms. [62] This shuffling of authority within the Prussian military establishment would have important consequences. [18] Furthermore, implicit and sometimes explicit promises made during the German Campaign of 1813 engendered an expectation of popular sovereignty and widespread participation in the political process, promises that largely went unfulfilled once peace had been achieved. . First, the death without male heirs of Frederick VII of Denmark led to the Second War of Schleswig in 1864. While many spoke about the need for a constitution, no such document appeared from the discussions. [100] On January 18, 1871, the German princes and senior military commanders proclaimed Wilhelm "German Emperor" in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles. 316395. Luther and Qin both lived in a society filled with disunity and corruption, hence why both decided to make a change. The German Empire became," in Karl Marx's words, a military despotism cloaked in parliamentary forms with a feudal ingredient, influenced by the bourgeoisie, festooned with bureaucrats and guarded by police. Indeed, many historians would see Germany's escape into war in 1914 as a flight from all of the internal-political contradictions forged by Bismarck at Versailles in the fall of 1870. The "Six Articles" of 28 June 1832 primarily reaffirmed the principle of monarchical authority. Despite undergoing in the later years several further changes of its name and borders, overhauls of its constitutional system, periods of limited sovereignty and interrupted unity of its territory or government, and despite dissolution of its dominant founding federated state, the polity resulting from the unification process continues its existence, surviving until today in its contemporary form known as the Federal Republic of Germany. Multi-scale modelling of chemical engineering applications and systems optimisation. Harvey, David Allen. Lacking a geographically central organizing feature (such as a national capital), the rails were laid in webs, linking towns and markets within regions, regions within larger regions, and so on. Russia says US, NATO's 'increasing' involvement in Ukraine 'fraught with direct military clash of nuclear powers' Anadolu Agency. Brunswick joined the Zollverein Customs Union in 1842, while Hanover and Oldenburg finally joined in 1854[32] After the Austro-Prussian war of 1866, Schleswig, Holstein and Lauenburg were annexed by Prussia and thus annexed also to the Customs Union, while the two Mecklenburg states and the city states of Hamburg and Bremen joined late because they were reliant on international trade. [116] The May Laws of 1873 brought the appointment of priests, and their education, under the control of the state, resulting in the closure of many seminaries, and a shortage of priests. A policy of Germanization of non-German people of the empire's population, including the Polish and Danish minorities, started with language, in particular, the German language, compulsory schooling (Germanization), and the attempted creation of standardized curricula for those schools to promote and celebrate the idea of a shared past. In the former, Bismarck manipulated long-standing Russian mistrust of Austria to form an alliance. He fled his U.S. Army post in the 1950s in danger of reprisals for his left-wing activities at Harvard and in Buffalo, New York. By late spring, most important states opposed Berlin's effort to reorganize the German states by force. The Prussian war cabinet understood that its only supporters among the German states against the Habsburgs were two small principalities bordering on Brandenburg that had little military strength or political clout: the Grand Duchies of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz. The Second Schleswig War resulted in victory for the combined armies of Prussia and Austria, and the two countries won control of Schleswig and Holstein in the concluding peace of Vienna, signed on 30 October 1864. Their combined agendas established Prussia as the leading German power through a combination of foreign diplomatic triumphsbacked up by the possible use of Prussian military mightand an internal conservatism tempered by pragmatism, which came to be known as Realpolitik. Rural farmer. "[65] Bismarck's words, "iron and blood" (or "blood and iron", as often attributed), have often been misappropriated as evidence of a German lust for blood and power. .We need a powerful ruling house. In response, Catholics organized themselves into the Catholic Center Party, which was in an advantageous position to earn concessions from liberals and conservatives (and eventually socialists) trying to build political coalitions. This may have been a pleasing prospect for Bismarck, but it was unacceptable to either Napoleon III or to Agenor, duc de Gramont, his minister of foreign affairs. This page was last edited on 22 February 2023, at 19:38. For more on this idea, see, for example, Joseph R. Llobera, and Goldsmiths' College. p.302. Will give brainliest and a will put up a free point questionthe following question refers to a hypothetical situation. Military successesespecially those of Prussiain three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification. The reality of defeat for Austria also caused a reevaluation of internal divisions, local autonomy, and liberalism. AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2008 SCORING GUIDELINES (Form B) Question 4 Analyze the similarities and differences in the methods used by Cavour and Bismarck to bring about the unification of Italy and Germany, respectively. He then hoped that Austria would join in a war of revenge and that its former alliesparticularly the southern German states of Baden, Wrttemberg, and Bavariawould join in the cause. Oxford and New York: Berg, 1991. [59], Other nationalists had high hopes for the German unification movement, and the frustration with lasting German unification after 1850 seemed to set the national movement back. Several states were promoted to kingdoms such as the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Saxony or the Kingdom of Hanover. [6] The creation of student militias such as the Ltzow Free Corps exemplified this tendency. Music scholars have also argued that the sustained E-flat not only represents the depths of Rhine River, but because Wagner was a Social Darwinist, the note represents creation itself; the music "evolves" from one simple note, and therefore Wagner's intention was that Germany itself, in spite of its newness, was an organic entity, existing in spirit, long before it was created politically. The Blog @ TomRichey.net - TomRichey.net G.Wawro. [99] Nevertheless, in January, the Germans fired some 12,000 shells, 300400 grenades daily into the city. This became known as the Punctation of Olmtz, but among Prussians it was known as the "Humiliation of Olmtz."[56]. A revolution in Spain overthrew Queen Isabella II, and the throne remained empty while Isabella lived in sumptuous exile in Paris. [31], By the early 19th century, German roads had deteriorated to an appalling extent. Ultimately, many of the left-wing revolutionaries hoped this constitution would establish universal male suffrage, a permanent national parliament, and a unified Germany, possibly under the leadership of the Prussian king. One of the former Frankfurt Parliament members, Johann Gustav Droysen, summed up the problem: We cannot conceal the fact that the whole German question is a simple alternative between Prussia and Austria. Italian unification dbq ap european history exam 2010 Free Essays And finally, the "makers" of Germany had to contend with foreign powers, especially Russia, France, and the Austrian Empire, all of whom had much to gain and lose with the emergence of a new central European power, necessitating the use of both skillful diplomacy and military aggression. The other states retained their own governments, but the military forces of the smaller states came under Prussian control. Italian Unification: AP European History Crash Course - Albert Resources On 18 November 1863, he signed the Danish November Constitution which replaced The Law of Sjlland and The Law of Jutland, which meant the new constitution applied to the Duchy of Schleswig. The first lesson was that, through force of arms, a powerful state could challenge the old alliances and spheres of influence established in 1815. [78], Although several German states initially sided with Austria, they stayed on the defensive and failed to take effective initiatives against Prussian troops. [87] In 1867, the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph accepted a settlement (the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867) in which he gave his Hungarian holdings equal status with his Austrian domains, creating the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.[88]. Divide students into the following groups and debate the "Polish Question." 9 months ago. However, the Prussian leadership, which was thoroughly conservative, rejected the Frankfurt constitution, preferring reform and unification directed from above. Guy, Monika Chavez, Thomas A. Lovik G.Wawro. Convinced that opera and music developed a spirit of nationalism, Wagner rejected the traditional design of theaters in which the nobility and wealthy sat in the loge boxes facing each other rather than the stage. They believed any such conflict would only serve the interests of royal dynasties. The Brothers Grimm, who compiled a massive dictionary known as The Grimm, also assembled a compendium of folk tales and fables, which highlighted the story-telling parallels between different regions. Bismarck had "cut his teeth" on German politics, and German politicians, in Frankfurt: a quintessential politician, Bismarck had built his power-base by absorbing and co-opting measures from throughout the political spectrum. Russia's included the eastern regions of Central Europe and a balancing influence in the Balkans. Wilhelm refused to give such an encompassing statement, and he sent Bismarck a dispatch by telegram describing the French demands. Although they initially sought to restore central Imperial power, preserving a weak and fragmented Empire was convenient for France and Sweden, and therefore, their ensuing intervention led to the Peace of Westphalia which effectively thwarted for centuries any serious attempts to reinforce the imperial central authority and petrified fragmentation, resulting in the German-speaking territories comprising on the eve of the Napoleonic Wars still more than 300 political entities, most of them being parts of the Holy Roman Empire, though portions of the extensive Habsburg Monarchy (exclusively its large non-German-speaking territories: Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen and the Austrian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) or of the Hohenzollern Kingdom of Prussia (both the German-speaking former Duchy of Prussia and the non-German-speaking entire territory of the Prussian partition of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth) as well as the German-speaking Swiss cantons were outside of the Imperial borders. The chancellor was accountable solely to, and served entirely at the discretion of, the Emperor. Furthermore, it was becoming increasingly clear that both Austria and Prussia wanted to be the leaders in any resulting unification; each would inhibit the drive of the other to achieve unification. Napoleon abolishes the HRE in 1806 German Unification: First Steps Napoleon consolidated the area into 30 states, declared the German Confederation by the Congress of Vienna. The Habsburgs ceded Venetia to France, which then formally transferred control to Italy. Learning Opportunities for AP Coordinators, The Structures of Nineteenth-Century Government, Students will be able to explain the sources of German nationalismincluding cultural, intellectual, religious, political, and socialand to describe the tensions between nationalism as cultural or linguistic "sameness," e.g., "German," and nationalism as defined by loyalty to a national political institution, e.g., "Germany.". [11], Generally, an enlarged Prussia and the 38 other states consolidated from the mediatized territories of 1803 were confederated within the Austrian Empire's sphere of influence. This is considered the basis for Bismarck's policy of Realpolitik. At first Bismarck outlawed the SPD, but dissatisfaction with unification in Germany's cities, where workers sometimes viewed the German state as a tool of capitalism, proved that socialism was to become a significant force in post-unification German politics. Chapter 22 | AP Euro Bismarck's response to the Lower House was his famous "iron and blood" speech. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2001. Others wondered if the railways were an "evil" that threatened the landscape: Nikolaus Lenau's 1838 poem An den Frhling (To Spring) bemoaned the way trains destroyed the pristine quietude of German forests. [45], On 27 March 1849, the Frankfurt Parliament passed the Paulskirchenverfassung (Constitution of St. Paul's Church) and offered the title of Kaiser (Emperor) to the Prussian king Frederick William IV the next month. emphasized their distinctiveness for not only the Christian Germans, but for the local Jewish populations as well. (PDF) AP Euro Summer 2017 - Edl92. Enlightened absolutists, aka The religious reform movement among German Jews reflected this effort. You Germans, with your grave and philosophic character, might well be the ones who could win the confidence of others and guarantee the future stability of the international community. Stasi German Teaching Resources | TPT Although those living in the states that became part of the German Empire largely shared a common linguistic (German) and religious (Protestant) bond, the borders of the new empire included millions who identified neither with German language and culture (French, Danes, and Poles) nor with the dominant religion (Catholics and Jews). Over the ensuing thirty years (and more) other German states joined. The Danes were no match for the combined Prussian and Austrian forces and their modern armaments. Often, these two views of nationhood were in agreement. Since 1780, after emancipation by the Holy Roman Emperor Joseph II, Jews in the former Habsburg territories had enjoyed considerable economic and legal privileges that their counterparts in other German-speaking territories did not: they could own land, for example, and they did not have to live in a Jewish quarter (also called the Judengasse, or "Jews' alley"). [46] Despite franchise requirements that often perpetuated many of the problems of sovereignty and political participation liberals sought to overcome, the Frankfurt Parliament did manage to draft a constitution and reach an agreement on the kleindeutsch solution. Review the logistics and format of the exam, as well as useful resources to study for each unit. Following adoption of the North German Constitution, the new state obtained its own constitution, flag, and governmental and administrative structures. The Unification of Italy and Germany Nationalism and Enlightenment ideas energized people in Europe to push for more democratic forms of government in the 1800's. In Latin America and the Caribbean, it inspired people to revolt against European rule and seek to create their own nations. opaeeftakppooeiflei# 01848--1871: unification of Germany and final unification of Italy and introductionof 3rd republic in France. Reaction to Danish and French nationalism provided foci for expressions of German unity. NAME _____ Mod ____ Ms. Pojer EHAP HGHS German Nationalism & Unification ? Which statement about an important event that led to german unification ultimate guide to Euro 2020, epic interviews with the stars, plus the UK and Ireland dream team and also discover everything you need to know about Messi, Ronaldo, Kane, Salah, Mbappe, Maguire, Hazard, Pogba and all the other top footballers. Summary. "German History before Hitler: The Debate about the German Sonderweg. For example, raw materials could travel up and down the Ruhr Valley without having to unload and reload. The militaries of the larger states (such as the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Saxony) retained some autonomy, but they underwent major reforms to coordinate with Prussian military principles and came under federal government control in wartime. The invasion of Russia included nearly 125,000 troops from German lands, and the loss of that army encouraged many Germans, both high- and low-born, to envision a Central Europe free of Napoleon's influence. web dbq the unification of germany and italy answer all questions on looseleaf will be graded as a test . The victory over France in 1871 expanded Prussian hegemony in the German states (aside from Austria) to the international level. AP European History. Unification of German States - Countries - Office of the Historian Nor did it develop particularly early, being rather a largely mid-to-late-19th-century phenomenon. Nor was it by any means inevitable that the more than 100 independent German principalities, kingdoms, free cities, and archbishoprics would coalesce under Prussian leadership into a unified, modern, national political entity. [30] States more distant from the coast joined the Customs Union earlier. This new version of the course involves breadth of the knowledge you as students must possess on test day. Furthermore, the member states agreed to send military assistance to any government threatened by unrest. [31], In contrast, the coastal states already had barrier free access to international trade and did not want consumers and producers burdened with the import duties they would pay if they were within the Zollverein customs border. The Zollverein freed trade between most of the German states, with the exception of Austria. William, crowned King Wilhelm I in 1861, appointed Otto von Bismarck to the position of Minister-President of Prussia in 1862. Those in authority were concerned about the growing unrest, political and social agitation among the working classes, and the disaffection of the intelligentsia. Although many Catholics sympathized with conservative politics, Bismarck viewed Roman Catholicism, with its purported loyalty to a Roman pontiff, as a potential weakness to the German state. Once he arrived, however, he ordered his troops immediately into the fray. Finally, it extended to the religion of the new Empire's population. He refused for a variety of reasons. Learn about the unification of Germany, a summary, and timeline in European history. The post-revolutionary European world became one of dramatic nation building that ultimately set the stage for 20th century nationalistic fervor, but before we can get nationalist passions riled up, we need to make some more nations. German reunification - Wikipedia The wave of nationalism that raced through Europe in the nineteenth century resulted in the unifications of Germany and Italy. Travelers, both foreign and local, complained bitterly about the state of the Heerstraen, the military roads previously maintained for the ease of moving troops. Strong interest in software design inter-coupled with lean business development. In April 1866, the Prussian representative in Florence signed a secret agreement with the Italian government, committing each state to assist the other in a war against Austria. The Franco-Prussian War. Prussian army reforms (especially how to pay for them) caused a constitutional crisis beginning in 1860 because both parliament and Williamvia his minister of warwanted control over the military budget. March 2, 2023 2:09 AM PT. Those who speak the same language are joined to each other by a multitude of invisible bonds by nature herself, long before any human art begins; they understand each other and have the power of continuing to make themselves understood more and more clearly; they belong together and are by nature one and an inseparable whole. The Peace of Prague sealed the dissolution of the German Confederation. The AP European History course and exam are undergoing a redesign for the 2015-2016 school year. Celebrants gathered in the town below and marched to the ruins of Hambach Castle on the heights above the small town of Hambach, in the Palatinate province of Bavaria. As a further consequence, there was no German national identity in development as late as 1800, mainly due to the highly autonomous or semi-independent nature of the princely states; most inhabitants of the Holy Roman Empire, outside of those ruled by the emperor directly, identified themselves mainly with their prince rather than with the Empire or the nation as a whole. Furthermore, elections were generally free of chicanery, engendering pride in the national parliament. The Revolution of 1848 brought some liberal reforms to Prussia, such as the ability of the parliament to obstruct certain forms of taxation. Germany, due to its size, speaks for Europe. However, by the 19th century, transportation and communications improvements started to bring these regions closer together. 9 months ago. Unifying various states into one nation required more than some military victories, however much these might have boosted morale. Publicly, he replied that he could not accept a crown without the consent of the actual states, by which he meant the princes. [79] Complicating the situation for Austria, the Italian mobilization on Austria's southern border required a diversion of forces away from battle with Prussia to fight the Third Italian War of Independence on a second front in Venetia and on the Adriatic sea. Garibaldi looked to Germany for the "kind of leadership [that], in the true tradition of medieval chivalry, would devote itself to redressing wrongs, supporting the weak, sacrificing momentary gains and material advantage for the much finer and more satisfying achievement of relieving the suffering of our fellow men. The Franco-Prussian War. Although some of the outlying German provinces were not serviced by rail until the 1890s, the majority of the population, manufacturing centers, and production centers were linked to the rail network by 1865. The question became not a matter of if but rather when unification would occur, and when was contingent upon strength. [38], The Bavarian Ludwig Railway, which was the first passenger or freight rail line in the German lands, connected Nuremberg and Frth in 1835. [9] This interpretation became a key building block of the Borussian myth expounded by the pro-Prussian nationalist historians later in the 19th century. Judicial System: Body of Prince electors that often fought. Its former leading state, the Austrian Empire, was along with the majority of its allies excluded from the ensuing North German Confederation Treaty sponsored by Prussia which directly annexed Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, Nassau, and the city of Frankfurt, while Hesse Darmstadt lost some territory but kept its statehood. Eastern Junker power had a counterweight in the western provinces in the form of the Grand Bourgeoisie and in the growing professional class of bureaucrats, teachers, professors, doctors, lawyers, scientists, etc. Although the Austrians were far more successful in the military field against Italian troops, the monarchy lost the important province of Venetia. Hitler often called on the German public to sacrifice all for the cause of their great nation, but his regime did not create German nationalism: it merely capitalized on an intrinsic cultural value of German society that still remains prevalent even to this day. [97] "In the days after Sedan, Prussian envoys met with the French and demanded a large cash indemnity as well as the cession of Alsace and Lorraine. Despite the nomenclature of Diet (Assembly or Parliament), this institution should in no way be construed as a broadly, or popularly, elected group of representatives. This limited union under Prussia would have almost eliminated Austrian influence on the other German states. [36] Historians of the German Empire later regarded the railways as the first indicator of a unified state; the patriotic novelist, Wilhelm Raabe, wrote: "The German empire was founded with the construction of the first railway"[37] Not everyone greeted the iron monster with enthusiasm. The prince withdrew as a candidate, thus defusing the crisis, but the French ambassador to Berlin would not let the issue lie. Prussian merchants, with the support of the Prussian crown, established the customs and trade union known as the Zollverein in 1834. Although today, the four parts of the Ring Cycle operas, Das Rheingold (The Rhine Gold), Die Walkur (The Valkyries), Sigfried, and Gtterdammerung (The Twilight of the Gods), are performed as separate pieces, Wagner composed them as part of a single piece and insisted that they be performed on successive nights. Many of the states did not have constitutions, and those that did, such as the Duchy of Baden, based suffrage on strict property requirements which effectively limited suffrage to a small portion of the male population. acted as unofficial portfolio ministers. The German Unification: Timeline & Summary | StudySmarter [] His intention was nothing less than to overturn the European settlement agreed [to] in 1815 by the Congress of Vienna, which had reestablished an oppressive hegemony of a few great powers and blocked the emergence of smaller nations. There was no readily applicable definition for who the German people would be or how far the borders of a German nation would stretch. [72], Three episodes proved fundamental to the unification of Germany. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Metternich and his conservative allies had reestablished the Spanish monarchy under King Ferdinand VII. The needle gun, one of the first bolt action rifles to be used in conflict, aided the Prussians in both this war and the Austro-Prussian War two years later. ", Kocka, Jrgen and Mitchell, Allan. Initially conceived by the Prussian Finance Minister Hans, Count von Blow, as a Prussian customs union in 1818, the Zollverein linked the many Prussian and Hohenzollern territories.