Dr. Kallie Szczepanski is a history teacher specializing in Asian history and culture. [6], A systematic program of pacification followed in which the populace was resettled in hundreds of stockaded villages and organized into militia. When the Manchu tribes of Manchuria (now Northeast China) conquered China some 500 years later in the 17th century and proclaimed the Qing dynasty, the White Lotus Read More Yuan dynasty In China: Foreign religions In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Snow Lotus is your One stop shop for exclusive Antique Silver Artifacts & Authentic Silver in Dallas. The White lotus (Bailian Jiao, ) was a Buddhist political and religious movement that believed in a universal female divinity, the "Unborn Old Mother" who would gather all of her children towards the end of the millennium, into one large family. By 1387, after more than 30 years of war, their leader, Zhu Yuanzhang conquered the North China Plain and occupied the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). After both died in battle in 1796, Beijing sent new officials but none were successful. The Qianlong emperor ordered that the Eight Banner armies, whether they had Manchu or Han banners, were not to be used to suppress internal uprisings, so the Qing mainly relied on the Han Chinese Green Standard Army and Han militias in order to suppress rebellions such as the White Lotus. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent . Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. A decree by the Daoguang Emperor admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" By threatening the arrest of people who engaged in sectarian activities, local officials and police extorted money from people. White Lotus | Chinese cult | Britannica Barend Joannes Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. The White Lotus bands mainly used guerrilla tactics, and once they disbanded were virtually indistinguishable from the local population. A second major contributor was internal turmoil, expressed in a series of devastating rebellions beginning in 1794 with the White Lotus rebellion, and ending with the Boxer Rebellion of 18991901 and Wuchang Uprising of 19111912. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/reference/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/white-lotus-rebellion. Eventually, the Qing armies and the peasants united, but they were unable to defeat the foreign powers. Update now. In 2014, with the publication of White Lotus Rebels and South China Pirates: Crisis and Reform in the Qing Empire (2014), Wensheng Wang challenged the perception of the Jiaqing reign (1796-1802) as a "dead middle hiatus" between its past and present by arguing that the emperor successfully carried out policy reforms that readjusted the priorities of governance and enabled the dynasty to . ." Omissions? In 1896, Yan Fu translated Herbert Spencer's treatises on social Darwinism. In its last stage, the Ch'ing suppression policy combined pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. Althongh there were several risings against the Manchu dynasty during the first four reigns, the White Lotus Society kept quiet until about 1761, when the Emperor Kien-lung issued an edict against it and the Ming Tsuen or Illustrious Worthies and the Pah Yun or White Cloud sects. White Lotus Rebellion | Infoplease - Fact Monster 10 New Religions That Were Mercilessly Crushed - Listverse Tibet has been an independent country throughout the historical period and since time immemorial according to Tibetans' own myth-based sense of, Xinjiang (shnjyng) or Sinkiang (shnjyng, snkyng) [Chinese,=new frontier], officially Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (Mandarin Xinjiang U, For more information on Chinese history and culture, seeVol. A similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China as tax protests. BJ Ter Haar has argued that the term "White Lotus" was used primarily by Ming and Qing imperial bureaucrats to disparagingly explain a wide range of unconnected millenarian traditions, rebel movements, and popular religious practices. White Lotus sectarianism appealed to other Chinese, most notably to women and to the poor, who found solace in worship of the Eternal Mother, who was to gather all her children at the millennium into one family. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. This book has since become an invaluable source in understanding the beliefs of these groups. }, Page last modified: There the foreign powers essentially controlled trade and the military, although technically they remained part of Qing China. Yingcong Dai. The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late The White Lotus War - University of Washington Press White Lotus Rebellion | Chinese history | Britannica 11-07-2011 03:30:12 ZULU. . Snow Lotus | Frisco TX - Facebook Omissions? Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Having attained the Mandate of Heaven and the status of Emperor, he took the title Hongwu and founded a new dynasty - the Ming. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. If mathematical, chemical, physical and other formulas are not displayed correctly on this page, please useFirefox or Safari, For the 14th-century rebellion also related to the White Lotus, see, Conscientious objection to military taxation, List of historical acts of tax resistance, National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee, The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest, Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty, Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet, Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, Banknotes of the Ta-Ching Government Bank, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [9], Throughout the 1820s and 1830s, the area of the boundary between Henan and Anhui was perpetually plagued by White Lotus revolts, the White Lotus rebels were frequently in league with the area's brigands and salt smugglers. Sikh uprisings against the Mughal Empire in India, Pugachev's Revolt in the Russian Empire, and the White Lotus Rebellion in China mirrored the rebellions in the Atlantic world. The Qing believed that the way to avoid the errors of the White Lotus rebellion was to clamp down on foreign influence. ." After both died in battle in 1796, the Qing government sent new officials, but none were successful. By 1804 the area was again placed under imperial control by the local militia. dreamhomesoftexas on Instagram: POV: Your Brand New Ultra-Luxury Build Issues and Trends in China's Demographic History. On assuming effective power in 1799, however, Emperor Chia Ch'ing (reigned 17961820) overthrew the Ho-shen clique and gave support to the efforts of the more vigorous Manchu commanders as a way of restoring discipline and morale. - the imperial authorities suppressed the White Lotus Rebellion in 1805 using a combination of military and social policies. [5] According to Ter Haar, it is clear that the "White Lotus" rebels of the uprisings that occurred between 1796 and 1804 did not voluntarily use the term "White Lotus" to refer to themselves or their movement. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikiwand His rule covered a span of 63 years, a reign lo, Kublai Khan [11], The tide of the rebellion was turned by Qing leaders relying on the local gentry-raised private militias of Hunan, Hubei and Shaanxi. Talking about Yuan's decline and fall, you should learn something about White Lotus Society. (present perfect, tell). What brought about the collapse of this once-mighty empire, ushering in the modern era in China? The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the Jin dynasty founded by Huiyuan in Mountain Lu, Jiujiang. White Lotus Rebellion Flashcards | Quizlet Beginning as tax protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many ordinary people. That history stretched back at least as far as 221 BCE when Qin Shi Huangdi first united China into a single empire. How might this yearning relate co Milton's mention of "the thought of lost happiness" in lines 545554-555455? In its last stage, the Qing suppression policy combined the pursuit and extermination of rebel guerrilla bands with a program of amnesty for deserters. from Hubei and Shaanxi provs. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. The rebellion soon grew in numbers and power, and eventually became a serious concern for the oppressive Amarr empire . One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas which were found in the scriptures which expressed orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. At first the Ch'ing administration, under the control of Ho-shen, sent inadequate and inefficient imperial forces to suppress the ill-organized rebels. The White Lotus Society is traditionally considered to have first appeared during the 14th century under the Mongol -led Yuan dynasty. The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. The rebellion began in 1794, when large groups of rebels claiming White Lotus affiliations rose up within the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces. Motivated by millenarian Buddhists who promised the immediate return of the Buddha, it erupted out of social and economic discontent in the impoverished provinces of Hubei, Shaanxi, and Sichuan (including modern Sichuan and Chongqing). He declared that to prevent the capture of the young prince when a child, he had fled with him and concealed him beyond the borders of China. "White Lotus Rebellion . The balance of power had tipped decidedly away from the imperial court and toward the foreign powers. One such official was Huang Yupian (), who refuted the ideas found in the scriptures with orthodox Confucian and Buddhist views in A Detailed Refutation of Heresy ( Pxi Xingbin), which was written in 1838. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Main article: White Lotus Rebellion Beginning in 1794, two decades after Wang Lun's failed uprising, a movement also arose in the mountainous region that separates Sichuan from Hubei and Shaanxi in central China as tax protests. Others began to openly call for the overthrow of the existing regime and replace it with a constitutional rule. In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. After more than 2,000 years, though, Chinese imperial power under the last Chinese dynasty was about to collapse for good. By the mid-19th century, the Qing dynasty had been in power for over a century, and the elites and many of their subjects felt they had a heavenly mandate to remain in power. Rather than following the path of Japan's Meiji Restoration and modernizing the country, Cixi purged her court of modernizers. International imperialism brought the Opium Wars (1840-42 and 1856-60), Sino-French War (1884-85), Sino-Japanese War (1894-95) and Boxer War (1898-1900). As one Qing official complained:[9]. In particular, the court marked itself off from its subjects in certain religious, linguistic, ritual, and social characteristics, always presenting themselves as outside conquerors. White Lotus Dental - Frisco, TX - Nextdoor The White Lotus War (1796-1804) in central China marked the end of the Qing dynasty's golden age and the fatal weakening of the imperial system itself. By 1900, foreign powers including Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan had established "spheres of influence" along China's coastal areas. Surprisingly, the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces. The government had to depend on more Han Chinese recruits (Green Standard) since there were not enough Manchu. "White Lotus Rebellion A decree from the Emperor Daoguang admitted, "it was extortion by local officials that goaded the people into rebellion" Using the arrest of sectarian members as a threat, local officials and police extorted money from people. Beginning as enslavement protests, the eventual rebellion gained growing support and sympathy from many citizens. During the Qing dynasty, inventions continued to emerge despite the turbulent uprisings and conflicts such as the White Lotus Rebellion, the First Opium War, and the Taiping Rebellion. Grandmother. The White Lotus society (Bailianjiao) was a religious cult already in existence in the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279). The White Lotus Rebellion was initiated as an antitax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. It took nine years of warfare and great loss of life before the rebellion was put down. The grew in number and power and eventually, into a serious concern for the government. Sun Yat-Sen was elected the first president of China, and the Republican era of China had begun. The French Revolution was now the French "rebellion" or "chaos," but in fact, the existence of leased territories and foreign concessions provided plenty of fuel and varying degrees of safety for radical opponents. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries. [1] As White Lotus sects developed, they appealed to many Han Chinese who found solace in the worship of Wusheng Laomu . Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. The White Lotus rebellion was an eight year uprising that led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. It had cost the lives of countless civilians and regular troops, including more than 400 high officers, and consumed more than 200 million liang /tael, which corresponded to four times the annual revenues of the state treasury. - rebellion began in 1794; rebellion initiated by followers of the White Lotus movement during the Qing dynasty of China, - the ill-organized rebels managed to defeat the inadequate and inefficient Qing imperial forces, - was initiated as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The group later reemerged in the late 18th century in the form of an inspired Chinese movement. He simply and quietly disappeared. The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. [6] The term was only used by the millenarian rebels under intense pressure during government interrogations. Approximately 7,000 Banner troops were sent in from Manchuria in combination with Green Standard Army soldiers from Guizhou and Yunnan as well as tens of thousands of local mercenaries.[9]. History & Facts of The White Lotus Movement - China Underground The White Lotus Rebellion (Chinese: ; pinyin: Chun ch bi lin jio q y, 17941804) was a rebellion that occurred during the Qing Dynasty of China. [2][3]. The Red Turban Rebellion which took place in 1352, was led by the White Lotus group. The White Lotus continued to be active, and might have influence the next major domestic rebellion, the Eight Trigrams Uprising of 1813.[6]. id These three Atlantic RevolutionsAmerican, French, and Haitianwere part of a broader world crisis at the end of the eighteenth century. Although the rebellion was finally crushed by the Qing government in 1804, it marked a turning point in the history of the Qing dynasty. List of rebellions in China | Military Wiki | Fandom In 1794, a similar movement arose in the mountainous region that separated Sichuan province from Hubei and Shaanxi provinces in central China, initially as a tax protest. White Lotus Rebellion - Wikipedia Nevertheless, where can you catch hints that the -angel longs for his former state? Contents 1 Daze Village Uprising 2 Rebellion of the Seven States 3 Llin 4 Chimei 5 Yellow Turban Rebellion 6 Five Pecks of Rice Rebellion 7 An Shi Rebellion 8 Red Turban Rebellion 9 Li Zicheng's Rebellion 10 Revolt of the Three Feudatories The end of the White Lotus Rebellion in 1804 also brought an end to the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchus, contributing to the increasing frequency of rebellions in the 19th century. When they congregate and oppose the government, they are rebels; when they disperse and depart, they are civilians once more. Only after 1800 did the Qing government adopt new tactics that established local militias (tuan) to help surround and destroy the White Lotus. Consequently, a person's actual participation in sectarian activities had no impact on his or her arrest; what really mattered was whether monetary demands were met or not. [12] The experience of suppressing the rebellion led to improvement in the organization and training of the militia, as many of their leaders wrote extensively on mobilization, enlistment and local defense methods. Chien-lung | Encyclopedia.com Explain semantic, declarative, episodic, and explicit memories. Although the Manchu finally crushed (1804) the rebellion, the myth of the military invincibility of the Manchu was shattered, perhaps contributing to the greater frequency of rebellions in the 19th cent. Actual participation in sect activities had no impact on an arrest; whether or not monetary demands were met, however, did. In 1794, one instance of a derivative sect of the White Lotus, the Eight Trigrams arose in the form of underground meditation teachings and practice in Shandong province, not far from Beijing (Zhili) near the city of Linqing. The Qing commanders who were sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Inventions A major contribution to the downfall of the last dynasty were external forces, in the form of new Western technologies, as well as a gross miscalculation on the part of the Qing as to the strength of European and Asian imperialistic ambitions. Sometimes whole provinces were subdued by them, and it looked as if their efforts were going to be successful, and Western China, if no other part, would remain theirs. The Columbia Encyclopedia, 6th ed.. . However, the rulers were afraid that White Lotus Society might menace their rules. Welcome to White Lotus Dental: At White Lotus Dental our goal is to provide the highest quality dental care in a comfortable, relaxed and friendly environment. They are not like some external tribe . It apparently began as a tax protest led by the White Lotus Society, a secret religious society that forecast the advent of the Buddha, advocated restoration of the native Chinese Ming dynasty, and promised personal salvation to its followers. An introduction to 19th-century China | British Museum Write in the blank the verb and tense indicated in parentheses. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. This rebellion grew rapidly under Lin Chi-hieh and other leaders, oue of whom was a woman surnamed Wang, until there were a hundred thousand rebels in arms, who fought with varying fortune against an at least equal number of imperialist solidiers. But as oue leader fell or was captured, another replaced him, and as the rebellion was extinguished in one place, it blazed out in another. At the . https://www.thoughtco.com/fall-of-the-qing-dynasty-195608 (accessed March 4, 2023). ", in, Zhang Shucai (1992). The White Lotus War: Rebellion and Suppression in Late Imperial China He did not distribute captured wealth or food supplies, nor did he promise to lessen the tax burden. What should be done with these revolutionary cultists? In his opening speech, Satan vows never to "repent or change" (line 969696). Many partisans joined and the society grew rapidly until 1794, when it broke out into the rebellion that subsequently spread over Hupeh and Western China under Liu Cbi-hieh and cast a gloom over the close of the long and brilliant reign of Kien-lung. The Fall of China's Qing Dynasty in 19111912. Without a clear enemy to fight against, brutality against civilians became more common. [6], The Qing commanders sent to repress the rebellion had a difficult time putting down the White Lotus. Though he passed through an area inhabited by almost a million peasants, his army never measured more than 4,000 soldiers, many of whom had been forced into service. When the last Chinese dynastythe Qing dynastyfell in 19111912, it marked the end of the nation's incredibly long imperial history.